Stripped

To remove or take away, often in strips or stripes.

"Norm will strip the old varnish before painting the chair."

(usually intransitive) To take off clothing.

"Seeing that no one else was about, he stripped and dived into the river."

To perform a striptease.

"In the seedy club, a group of drunken men were watching a woman stripping."

To take away something from (someone or something); to plunder; to divest.

"The athlete was stripped of his medal after failing a drugs test."

Made of strips.