Awadhi to Javanese Translator

Primarily spoken in central and eastern Java (Indonesia), with communities in other parts of Indonesia, Suriname, and New Caledonia.

Uses both Latin script and traditional Javanese script (Hanacaraka): A, B, C, D, DH, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, NG, NY, O, P, R, S, T, TH, U, V, W, X, Y, Z

Features retroflex consonants (dh, th), distinctive vowel system, and complex phonological processes in speech levels.

Subject-verb-object (SVO) word order. Complex speech level system (ngoko, madya, krama) reflecting social hierarchy and politeness.

Contains loanwords from Sanskrit, Arabic, Dutch, Malay, and increasingly Indonesian and English.

Part of the Austronesian family, specifically the Malayo-Polynesian branch, within the Javanic group.

Uses both Latin script and traditional Javanese script (Aksara Jawa/Hanacaraka) derived from Brahmi.

Traditional Javanese script used for centuries, Latin script introduced during Dutch colonial period, both still used today.

Approximately 68-75 million speakers, making it the largest regional language in Indonesia after Indonesian.

Awadhi is primarily spoken in the Awadh region of northern India, mainly in the state of Uttar Pradesh (around Lucknow, Faizabad, and Allahabad), and in parts of Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. It is also spoken by migrant communities in Fiji, Mauritius, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and South Africa.

Uses the Devanagari script officially. In diaspora communities and historically, it has also been written in Kaithi and Perso-Arabic scripts.

Awadhi features a typical Indo-Aryan phonemic inventory with retroflex and dental contrasts, nasal vowels, and aspirated stops. Vowel nasalization and schwa deletion are phonemic in some contexts.

Follows Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) order. Like other Hindi dialects, Awadhi uses postpositions rather than prepositions, has gendered nouns, and verb conjugations that agree with the subject in gender, number, and politeness level.

Includes many loanwords from Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, and English due to historical contact, especially during Mughal and British rule.

Part of the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European language family, classified under the Eastern Hindi subgroup.

Primarily written in Devanagari today. Historically also written in Kaithi script. Perso-Arabic script was used in Muslim literary traditions.

Early literary works in Awadhi, like the *Ramcharitmanas* by Tulsidas, were written in Devanagari. During the medieval period, both Kaithi and Perso-Arabic scripts were used. Devanagari has since become dominant.

Approximately 40–45 million native speakers, mainly in India, with additional speakers in the diaspora.