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How these two languages compare, and what it means for your translations.
Urdu uses the Arabic script while Maithili uses the Devanagari script. Urdu reads right-to-left while Maithili reads left-to-right, so the direction of the text flips during translation. Because the two do not share an alphabet, translated output cannot be sounded out from the original spelling — copy the result directly rather than trying to transcribe it.
Both Urdu and Maithili belong to the Indo-European language family. Related languages tend to share vocabulary roots and comparable sentence structure, which generally makes machine translation between them more reliable — though false friends, words that look alike but mean different things, are also more common between relatives.
Both languages follow subject-object-verb (SOV) order, so clauses usually keep their shape during translation. Words tend to land in a similar position in the sentence, which makes it easier to check a translation against the original even without fluency.
Urdu: Approximately 230 million people speak Urdu as a first or second language. Maithili: Approximately 34 million speakers worldwide, primarily in Bihar (India) and southeastern Nepal.
Primarily spoken in Bihar and Jharkhand (India) and southeastern Nepal, with communities in other parts of India.
Uses Devanagari script and traditionally Mithilakshar script: अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, क, ख, ग, घ, ङ, च, छ, ज, झ, ञ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, ण, त, थ, द, ध, न, प, फ, ब, भ, म, य, र, ल, व, श, ष, स, ह
Features aspirated/unaspirated consonant distinctions, retroflex consonants, and complex vowel system typical of Indo-Aryan languages.
Subject-object-verb (SOV) word order. Complex verbal morphology with extensive honorific system and case marking patterns.
Contains loanwords from Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, Hindi, Bengali, and increasingly English.
Part of the Indo-European family, specifically the Indo-Aryan branch, closely related to Bengali and other eastern Indo-Aryan languages.
Uses Devanagari script officially, traditionally written in Mithilakshar script specific to Maithili.
Historically used Mithilakshar script, Devanagari adopted for modern official and educational use, rich literary tradition dating back centuries.
Approximately 34 million speakers worldwide, primarily in Bihar (India) and southeastern Nepal.
Urdu is primarily spoken in Pakistan where it is the national language and lingua franca, and in India, particularly in the Hindi-Urdu belt regions including Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and Hyderabad. It is also spoken by immigrant communities in the Middle East, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada.
Uses the Perso-Arabic script, known as Nasta’liq. The script is written from right to left and consists of 38 letters, accommodating sounds specific to Urdu as well as Arabic and Persian phonetics.
Features a significant number of phonemes, including several aspirated consonants and nasal sounds, with phonetic influences from Arabic and Persian.
Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) order predominates. Urdu grammar is highly inflected with extensive use of conjugation and declension, mirroring the structure of other Indo-Iranian languages.
Contains a significant number of loanwords from Arabic, Persian, and English, reflecting various periods of conquest and colonial rule.
Part of the Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-European language family, closely related to Hindi, with which it shares a base vocabulary and grammatical features, differing largely in script and formal vocabulary.
Uses a modified form of the Perso-Arabic script adapted for Indo-Aryan phonology, known as Nasta’liq, which is also used for writing Persian and Pashto in South Asia.
The adoption of the Nasta’liq script for Urdu developed during the time of the Mughal Empire when Persian was the court language. Urdu evolved as a vernacular form of Hindustani spoken in the army camps (‘Urdu-e-Mualla’) of the Mughals.
Approximately 230 million people speak Urdu as a first or second language.
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