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How these two languages compare, and what it means for your translations.
Urdu and Persian are both written in the Arabic script, so the translated output will use characters you already recognise. You can usually read the result aloud without transliteration, though spelling conventions and accented characters still differ between the two languages.
Both Urdu and Persian belong to the Indo-European language family. Related languages tend to share vocabulary roots and comparable sentence structure, which generally makes machine translation between them more reliable — though false friends, words that look alike but mean different things, are also more common between relatives.
Both languages follow subject-object-verb (SOV) order, so clauses usually keep their shape during translation. Words tend to land in a similar position in the sentence, which makes it easier to check a translation against the original even without fluency.
Urdu: Approximately 230 million people speak Urdu as a first or second language. Persian: Approximately 70-110 million speakers worldwide across Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and diaspora communities.
Primarily spoken in Iran (Farsi), Afghanistan (Dari), Tajikistan (Tajik), with communities in Uzbekistan and Persian diaspora worldwide.
Uses Arabic script with 32 letters: ا، ب، پ، ت، ث، ج، چ، ح، خ، د، ذ، ر، ز، ژ، س، ش، ص، ض، ط، ظ، ع، غ، ف، ق، ک، گ، ل، م، ن، و، ه، ی
Features 6 vowel phonemes, uvular and pharyngeal consonants, and distinctive consonant clusters with relatively simple phonology.
Subject-object-verb (SOV) word order. No grammatical gender, relatively simple morphology with extensive use of compound verbs.
Contains loanwords from Arabic, Turkish, Mongolian, French, English, and contributes vocabulary to many languages historically.
Part of the Indo-European family, specifically the Iranian branch (Western Iranian), closely related to Kurdish and other Iranian languages.
Uses Arabic script in Iran and Afghanistan, Cyrillic script in Tajikistan (Tajik variety).
Adopted Arabic script with Islamic conquest in 7th-8th centuries, with additional letters for Persian sounds developed over time.
Approximately 70-110 million speakers worldwide across Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and diaspora communities.
Urdu is primarily spoken in Pakistan where it is the national language and lingua franca, and in India, particularly in the Hindi-Urdu belt regions including Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and Hyderabad. It is also spoken by immigrant communities in the Middle East, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada.
Uses the Perso-Arabic script, known as Nasta’liq. The script is written from right to left and consists of 38 letters, accommodating sounds specific to Urdu as well as Arabic and Persian phonetics.
Features a significant number of phonemes, including several aspirated consonants and nasal sounds, with phonetic influences from Arabic and Persian.
Subject-Object-Verb (SOV) order predominates. Urdu grammar is highly inflected with extensive use of conjugation and declension, mirroring the structure of other Indo-Iranian languages.
Contains a significant number of loanwords from Arabic, Persian, and English, reflecting various periods of conquest and colonial rule.
Part of the Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-European language family, closely related to Hindi, with which it shares a base vocabulary and grammatical features, differing largely in script and formal vocabulary.
Uses a modified form of the Perso-Arabic script adapted for Indo-Aryan phonology, known as Nasta’liq, which is also used for writing Persian and Pashto in South Asia.
The adoption of the Nasta’liq script for Urdu developed during the time of the Mughal Empire when Persian was the court language. Urdu evolved as a vernacular form of Hindustani spoken in the army camps (‘Urdu-e-Mualla’) of the Mughals.
Approximately 230 million people speak Urdu as a first or second language.
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